Mini-Lessons and Teaching - 779 Words

Main Ideas †¢ Don’t be afraid to ask (or assign) multilingual students a writing project. Even though it might challenge them, it will also be extremely beneficial to them as English Language Learners. †¢ Teaching moves Ms. Rodriguez makes to support her multilingual students: She begins with a narrative story about yesterday’s work, She uses a visual cue to remind students of the writing she demonstrated yesterday, She provides a verbal demonstration for her students, modeling English syntax, Her tone is inclusive, and she talks to her students like fellow writers, She writes about a Spanish-language television show that most of her children know and watch, She points to each word and has the children read with her, demonstrating concepts of print that are significant for children learning to read in English, She asks students to turn and talk to their partners, which provides her multilingual student the opportunity to try out their ideas with a partner before speaking to the whole group, She models her writing and writes in Spanish, which validates the majority of her students’ language(s), She checks for understanding, She verbalizes the internal question tha t children can ask themselves when they complete their writing. †¢ The content of minilessons have a big impact even though they are brief. They are used to communicate significance, and through it students learn more about writing. They create a safe space that allow for students to feel equipped for theShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Reading Instruction : A Book About A Dog Named Pug1144 Words   |  5 Pagesdetailed teacher’s guides, with different lesson plans for each of the three instructional groups† (Vogt Shearer, 2011, p.13). During the next two decades, the focus of reading instruction shifted away from phonics based basal reading programs. Instead, research suggested teaching children how to think and interact with real literature, finding true pleasure in reading. Computers were showing up in classrooms and there was a decreased emphasis on teaching discrete skills. The whole language perspectiveRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Approaches Of Implementing A Writer s Workshop Of The Classroom Segments And Instructional Approaches757 Words   |  4 Pagestheory and research on teaching the writing process? Chapter five stresses the importance of a structured writer’s workshop with set procedures. The authors suggest that it should start with a reading aloud of a text, then introducing mini lesson, establishing status of the class survey and allowing time for independent writing and conferencing. The last element of the writer’s workshop is a group meeting, which take place periodically. In the video clip presenting the lesson with diamante poem, weRead MoreReading Information On Mini Lessons And Guided Reading1236 Words   |  5 Pageslearned so much from the reading information that was given to us over the span this course. Everything that I received is so wonderful and exciting, but because of the mass information, I did feel a little overwhelmed. All of the information on mini lessons and guided reading was so valuable because I did not know much about it, but this course and the information provided really simplified it for me. I also really appreciate the informati on on the reading strategies, particularly the first paperRead MoreKatherine Bomer s Hidden Gems 1322 Words   |  6 PagesKatherine Bomer’s method of â€Å"hidden gems†. A gem in Jess’s letter would be â€Å"When I’m a teacher I want to be the nicest teacher in the world.† Jess started and ended this sentence with the correct punctuation. I feel like I can sense Jess’s passion about teaching. She writes that she wants to be the nicest teacher and I think that this captivating. Another gem would be â€Å"When I’m a grown-up I want to live in a manchine and be a millianare.† I think this sentence is humorous. Children say what they are thinkingRead MoreAccommodations And Differentiation : Struggling Students Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting this differentiation. They will be encouraged to write another sentence providing a reason why they are thankful for the things they write. Rationale: As teachers, it is important that we consider differentiations and accommodations when teaching. Differentiations are important to consider because the students who are more advanced will be bored and challenges like writing two sentences will keep these students engaged. As teachers, we will need to consider all types of students. SeatingRead MoreClassroom Environment At Shannock Valley Elementary School Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction After being in my placement at Shannock Valley Elementary school in a first grade classroom for another four weeks, I have learned so much information that can help me further in my student teaching placements. Using the Danielson domains: classroom environment, professional responsibilities, planning and preparation, and instruction – I have been able to make connections to all of these from my placement over the several weeks. From my observations, they have been very eye-opening andRead MoreTeaching Writing Is An Exciting Time For Any Classroom Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Writing Teaching literature is an exciting time in any classroom. New Zealand Government (n.d.) reports â€Å"New Zealand children rank relatively highly on the international literacy scales†. This shows that New Zealanders value their literacy abilities, and work hard to upkeep our reputation. As a teacher, teaching writing can be very difficult, but also very rewarding. With the aid of purpose, audience and form we can guide our students in to knowing what they are writing about and whom itRead MoreJohn Dewey Theory On Education707 Words   |  3 Pageswhat I been teaching and how I’m going to do my unit plan for my Understand by Design project. My unit plan is on Ethics and Safety Practices in the workplace. I’ve used several examples of Dewey theory in my unit plan. One example from my unit plan is teaching students that they have to be able to do some ethics and safety practices once they get a job. The second example is that I’m going to incorporate the K-W-L Report in to my lesson. The third example from my unit is a mini lecture on â€Å"HowRead MoreCase Study on the Second Step Early Learning Curriculum751 Words   |  3 Pagesclass day for five to seven minute mini-lessons instead of a hour long lesson offered about once or twice per week like other curriculums. The advantage of this mini-lesson design is that since it is only a few extra minutes per day, it would not affect the current routine and schedule that is already acquired by the preschoolers, so it will be easier for them to adapt to this new additional lesson. Also, since there are many different ways to present the lesson, for instance, story telling, discussionsRead MoreDiversity and Equity Audit in My First Grade Classroom Community932 Words   |  4 Pageshave a variety of learning styles. Because of the varying learning styles, the high number of students receiving interventions, and low achievement in math, I decided, with our interventionist, to plan two weeks of co-teaching. Our goal was to meet the needs of all students by teaching the current standards, while incorporating content, which had been previously taught but not yet mastered by the student, and use small group instruction to scaffold activities, identify any misconceptions, and provide

Vulnerary Assessment And Precautionary Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Vulnerary Assessment And Precautionary Analysis. Answer: Introduction Administration of project risk is a generally innovative word which is quickly being understood as an ultimate method in dealing with risks. Advisors are publicizing their capacity to do venture risk administration. Evaluators explore how joining venture risk administration methods to organization reviews. Introductions are being made on this theme at numerous actuarial, risk management and other protection gatherings. Workshops in this theme are being led to clarify the procedure, give cases of utilization and examine propels in the field. Papers on big business risk management are starting to show up in diaries and books on the theme are beginning to be distributed. Risk management is, fundamentally, a current term for a general risk administration way in dealing with risks in business. Indications of this term incorporate company risk administration, occupational risk administration, all-encompassing risk administration, key risk administration and coordinated risk administration. As per Stefan et al (2014), venture risk management is characterized as "the procedure by which associations in all businesses evaluate, control, adventure, back, and screen risks from all hotspots to increase the association's short and long-haul value to its partners". Satish Rajesh (2014) characterizes vulnerability as a "shortcoming that can be abused to access a given resource". Rdiger Daniel (2014) grows this definition to incorporate "... what's more, consequent obliteration or robbery of [the] ... resource". Rudra Jayadev (2009) characterizes vulnerability as "the contingent likelihood of progress given that a risk situation happens". Limitations can be arranged in several manners: physical (openness, resilience, relative areas, excellence, etc.), specific (helpless to technological disruptions, energy flows), operative (systems, strategies, separate tendencies), authoritative (e.g. would removal of fundamental command completely interrupt tasks?). Existing countermeasures may as of now exist to address these shortcomings. A vulnerability appraisal must assess the unwavering quality and adequacy of those current countermeasures in detail. For instance, security gatekeepers may give a specific level of prevention against unapproved access t o a specific resource. In any case, to survey their adequacy, some of extra inquiries may should be inquired (Osei-Kyei, Albert Ernest, 2017). Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability is characterized as any shortcoming that can be misused by an assailant to make an asset powerless to harm/danger. A vulnerability evaluation is an inside and out examination of the building capacities, frameworks, and site attributes to recognize building shortcomings, an adequacy of existing safety efforts (assuming any), an absence of repetition and term of task recuperation from an assault (Nirupama, 2012). Criteria utilized for leading a vulnerability evaluation are as per the following: It worries with the subject of how inclined the asset is to the risk because of its engaging quality regarding its physical and representative attributes and the level of permeability which add to asset's general shortcomings. Shortcomings are recognized through an assessment of the office's natural, building, and basic highlights, safety efforts, and procedures. A minor shortcoming is one that vulnerability isn't clear and regardless of whether it is found by a culprit, it isn't effectively overcome without the culprit being recognized. A shortcoming implies that the vulnerability is clear yet not effortlessly overcome by culprit without being identified. A noteworthy shortcoming implies that the vulnerability is presented to the culprit also, it is effortlessly overcome without being recognized. The level of excess relies upon the association's adaptation to non-critical failure and method of tasks. The appraisal takes into thought the land dispersion and interdependencies of the segments of essential service and its back-ups inside the office and in addition the accessibility of elective work areas or recuperation destinations for essential service or procedures. Recuperation Period alludes to the time after the event of a risk or assault to the time when ordinary/center activities are reestablished be it an elective site or elective method of business activities. Ricketts, Calum Gmez (2014) argues that the preparatory advance in the risk assessment process is to subject the office under appraisal to a rundown of dangers; and evaluate the pertinence and likelihood of an event of such dangers at the office in light of the geopolitical circumstance, current occasions, and recorded information inside the locale that is pertinent to the office. Much of the time, such a rundown of conceivable or potential dangers are arranged in view of known criminal and psychological militant exercises inside the locale where the office is found. In others, the rundown might be recommended by government organizations or the body approving such Risk Assessment. Note that specific dangers are curious to a specific security condition while others can happen whenever under any condition. One regular method for characterizing such extraordinary situations inside which diverse levels of dangers win is to order them into Peacetime (PT) and Heightened Security (HS) periods. Peace Time (PT) - Time whereby the predominant security circumstance is ordinary both at the national level and the office level. Abnormal state security dangers are not anticipated that would happen. With the end goal of Risk Assessment, it is regularly taken that benchmark safety efforts are set up at the office. Elevated Security (ES) A time of an uplifted condition of caution because of present and hiding animosity from known criminal or psychological oppressor associations. Elevated Security circumstance may likewise be proclaimed when knowledge from government organizations demonstrates a high risk of fear monger assaults. Amid ES period, safety efforts are required to be fortified while keeping up general day to day schedules. Danger Analysis and Risk appraisal Kim, Sherrena Helen (2013) agree that the reason for danger investigation and risk evaluation is to amplify the assurance of the three fundamental mainstays of security to be specific secrecy, Integrity, and accessibility while as yet giving ease of use and usefulness. A threat to an individual or an organization is an intuitive association of danger, asset, also exposure or vulnerability. The different stages of risk are regarded as the result of the effect as well as likelihood (possibility). Quantifiable amount Qualitative method Explanation 5 High An abnormal state risk happens often and drastically affects the organization. Measures will be required so as to moderate an abnormal state risk. 4 Medium high Risk which is medium-high happens with a likelihood yet won't hold on. On the off chance that it happens the company has a huge or serious impact. 3 Medium Risk which is medium-level is probably going to happen in any condition, also if a medium-level assault happens it has direct to extreme impact on the company. 2 Medium Low Risk which is low-medium is observed as the company has a small or direct effect due to an assault. Moreover, it happens once in a while or won't happen whatsoever and is relieved effectively. 1 Low Risk is thought as low when the probability of a threat on a component is low, and the effect of the assault on the substance is insignificant or slight. Such threats never or seldom occur and is alleviated effectively. A weakness or vulnerability is a shortcoming in the framework that is susceptible of being abused by aggressors or inadvertently activated inside the company by the employees (Jim Annelie, 2014). The probability is that any weakness is exploited or the weakness activated by somebody unexpectedly. The probability is identified with aggressor's aim, assailant's capacity, and assailant's objective. On the off chance that a specific vulnerability is abused the effect on an organization can be communicated in wording like Insignificant, Slight, Reasonable, Substantial, Severe. The table below demonstrates a risk appraisal engineering. The company had a few security defects in the framework, which the aggressors misused. The following table in the next page shows a list of the selected of the assets. Asset Threat Vulnerability Consequences Likelihood Impact Risk Buildings Leasehold Can be destroyed by an earthquake fire The buildings were vulnerable to fire as the electrical wiring were not planned well Loss of rental income because the tenants might move to another safer building Possible Somehow significant Medium Computer Hardware Software Can be hacked from outside (ransomware) Various computers were still running the outdated Windows XP Loss of data and probability of ransomware Possible Significant High Construction in progress Collapse of construction sections of the building Some of the walls were about to collapse and cracks were visible Loss of a section of a building and starting over, Possible injuries Possible Significant Extremely high Intangible assets Patents, copyrights and radio licenses could be canceled by the regulators Some of the patents, radio licenses and copyrights were not updated Lack of supporting documentation for the construction projects Possible Somehow significant Medium Machinery vehicles Breakdown of machines in the middle of construction Some of the machines and vehicles were likely to breakdown due to lack of maintenance Stalling of projects besides waste of time and money Possible Significant Medium Precautionary Measures The organization had no security arrangements set up that are referred to as dishonorable for an assault. Since it is a large company and embracing individual accounts of many clients, the organization ought to have set up appropriate security techniques. Its imperative that the representatives of the organization are aware and prepared of the significance of safekeeping data. The mode which assailants could exploit the various assets due to outdated computers accessible to settle the exposures. It shows the obliviousness of the information manager to safekeeping data (Jennifer, 2017). The table below records precautionary proposals that could have mitigated the assault. Precautionary Measures Explanations Security policies An essential share of a company are the security policies. Security Training and awareness The representatives (employees) were plainly not mindful of the significance of information security and administration. The representatives ought to have been given great information security and information administration preparing and made mindful of data security. Updates of computer Hardware and Software The organization should procure new powerful computers with high-end specifications for civil engineering and install the latest software in addition to Windows 10 Building Leasehold The building should be insured against risk of fire and other hazards specified in the contract Construction in Progress The organization ought to repair some of the walls before continuing with a project Intangible Assets Annual renewal of licenses, copyrights, and patents should be a priority for the organization Machinery Vehicles The organization ought to repair their machinery and vehicles and carry out maintenance on a weekly basis, depending on the intensity of the project. The risk assessment exhibited here exams the danger (likelihood of event), the vulnerabilities (a shortcoming of the office or an asset against the dangers) and the impact (outcomes of the event) when such dangers strike find out the level of risk for every asset against each relevant danger. It gives a relative risk profile to architects, engineers, and security designers that characterizes assets that are at the most serious risk against particular dangers (Moataz Elaine, 2011). Following which control or precautionary measures can be investigated to diminish the risk of significant assets with high risk. As it isn't conceivable to totally dispense with risk, and that each task has asset restrictions, security fashioners must increase comprehension of office proprietors, modelers furthermore, designs in the way moderation measures influence risk; so, choices on the best and most practical measures to be actualized can be secured to accomplish the coveted level of assurance (risk administration) for the office. The Precautionary Framework is a larger idea incorporating methods to consider in overseeing risks that are either known (i.e. moderately settled and certain) or unverifiable. It is expected that the precautionary system gives information at all key stages and hence guarantee a more thorough comprehension of in general or total risk. The Precautionary Framework likewise gives approaches to create alternatives to decreasing introduction to physical, synthetic or organic operators, to survey and select the choice or choices most suitable for the risk being considered and encourages execution, assessment and checking the picked option(s). Risk administration inside the Precautionary Framework is an iterative procedure and energizes the improvement of new data and comprehension. By including an extensive variety of partners all the while, the Precautionary Framework requires illumination of partner interests, and straightforwardness in the way choices, are made (Maizatulakma, Zaleha, Zak iah Azlina, 2015). There is a prerequisite for brilliance concerning the developed and mostly unexpected nature of logical learning during the time spent social examination. This involves a more prominent level of quietude with respect to the logical orders and organizations included. Related to this, there is the suggestion that the social evaluation process is as open to the points of view of the individuals who remain to be influenced by a game-plan, as those proposing it. Taken together, these prompt a procedure in which the 'onus of influence' (some of the time communicated all the more barely as verification) is set more with the recipients of a risk-inciting movement, than with the establishments of common society. Past this, precaution holds various very particular ramifications for the social examination process. It requires investigation of cases of advantages and supports and also the antagonistic impacts. One can recognize three fundamental classifications of risk administration, to be specific science-based, precautionary and random methodologies. Charles, Gerald Daniel (2011) require fundamentally science-based administration procedures, while Eyun?Jung Linda (2012) request the use of the precautionary rule, and the risk classes Gupta (2011) requires digressive methodologies for building awareness, trust, and validity. These three procedures identify with the principal challenges in risk administration: unpredictability, vulnerability, and equivocalness. According to Brian Tracy (2015), vulnerability is not the same as complexity. Clearly, probabilities of risk speak to just an estimation of foreseeing indeterminate occasions. It appears to be reasonable to incorporate extra vulnerability segments in a single's risk administration technique. Despite the fact that there is no settled characterization of vulnerability in the writing, these components all have one element in like manner: vulnerability decreases the excellence of belief in the assessed conditions in addition to the outcome. The last term is equivocalness or indecision (Aula, 2010). This term indicates the inconstancy of true translations in view of vague observations or data assessments. A widely held belief of the logical discussion in the fields of risk examination and administration do not refer to differences in strategy, estimations or measurement response sizes, yet to the topic of the implication for environmental security and humans well-being (Ahmed Mohamed, 2017). Concluding Remarks The focal inquiry for arrangement producers is: 'What are the appropriate methodologies and instruments and sufficient risk appraisal practices for understanding the effects of risks and for surveying and assessing their commitment to wellbeing related, natural, budgetary and political risksand, obviously, openings?' This additionally concerns vital strategies as they identify with monetary advancement and administration needs. A standout amongst the most difficult themes here is the 'interpenetration' of physical, ecological, financial and social appearances of risks. Risk administration isn't an undertaking for risk administration offices just, yet additionally a basic order for organizations that arrangement with the monetary, money related, social and political implications of risk. The long and difficult civil arguments about risk and risk evaluation have demonstrated that it is never again adequate essentially to investigate the likelihood conveyance of potential misfortunes related to a risk source. To build up a system for good administration, a more stringent and intelligently very much organized basic leadership process is required. Risk administrators require new standards and techniques that are all around appropriate to overseeing fundamental risks. Great administration, thus, needs to lay on three parts: learning legitimately recommended techniques and social values. It needs to reflect particular capacities, from early cautioning to a new evaluation and administration instruments, which will prompt enhanced techniques for compelling risk correspondence and support. Bibliography Ahmed A. O. Mohamed F. K., 2017. Accounting students perceptions of important business communication skills for career success: An exploratory study in the Tunisian context. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 15(2), pp. 208-225. Aula, P. K., 2010. Social media, reputation risk and ambient publicity management. Strategy Leadership, 38(6), pp. 43-49. Brian H. Tracy N., 2015. Auditor-provided tax services and long-term tax avoidance. Review of Accounting and Finance, 14(3), pp. 285-305. Charles G. P., Gerald R. A. Daniel R. H., 2011. Journal ranking analyses of operations management research. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 16(3), pp. 405-422. Eyun?Jung Ki Linda C. Hon, 2012. Causal linkages among relationship quality perception, attitude, and behavior intention in a membership organization. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17(2). Gupta, P. K., 2011. Risk management in Indian companies: EWRM concerns and issues. The Journal of Risk Finance, 12(2), pp. 121-139. Jennifer, F., 2017. Customisable framework for project risk management. Construction Innovation, 17(1), pp. 68-89. Jim A. Annelie A., 2014. Deconstructing resistance to organizational change: a social representation theory approach. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, pp. 342-355. Kim M., Sherrena B. Helen I., 2013. Business research in virtual worlds: possibilities and practicalities. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 18(2), pp. 352-373. Maizatulakma A., Zaleha A. S., Zakiah M. M. Azlina A., 2015. Risk management disclosure: A study on the effect of voluntary risk management disclosure toward firm value". Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 16(3), pp. 400-432. Moataz E. Elaine H., 2011. Rethinking budgetary slack as budget risk management. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 12(3), pp. 278-293. Nirupama, N., 2012. Risk and vulnerability assessment: a comprehensive approach. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(2), pp. 103-114. Osei-Kyei R., Albert P.C. Ernest E. A., 2017. A fuzzy synthetic evaluation analysis of operational management critical success factors for public-private partnership infrastructure projects. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 24(7), pp. 2092-2112. Ricketts K. D, Calum G. T Gmez M. I., 2014. Value chain approaches to development: Smallholder farmer perceptions of risk and benefits across three cocoa chains in Ghana. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 4(1), pp. 2-22. Rdiger H. Daniel R., 2014. Are we on track with sustainability literacy?: A viewpoint on the influence of sustainability and accounting education on future managers' processing of sustainability information. Journal of Global Responsibility, 5(1), pp. 55-67. Rudra S. Jayadev M., 2009. Are bank stocks sensitive to risk management?. The Journal of Risk Finance, 10(1), pp. 7-22. Satish K. M. Rajesh P., 2014. Business Research in India. Journal of Management Development, 28(4), pp. 68-74. Stefan F., Johannes H., Thomas N., Fabian P., 2014. Current challenges in information security risk management. Information Management Computer Security, 22(5), pp. 410-430. Stefan G., Zebisch M., Schneiderbauer S., Fleischhauer M., Lindner C., Lckenktter J., Mareike B., Kahlenborn W. Inke S., 2015. A consensus based vulnerability assessment to climate change in Germany. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 7(3), pp. 306-326. Svensson, G., 2013. Processes of substantiations and contributions through theory building towards theory in business research. European Business Review, 14(5), pp. 466-480. Takashi S., Young W. P. Paul H., 2012. Project managers for risk management: case for Japan. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 19(4), pp. 532-547. Watkins R., Meisers M.W Visser Y., 2012. A guide to assessing Needs, Tools for collecting information, making decisions and acheiving development results. Washington: World Bank Publications. Wiebke R., Vinit P., Sjdin D. R., 2016. Risk management for product-service system operation. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 36(6), pp. 665-686.

WHY UNIONS Essay Example For Students

WHY UNIONS? Essay Unions are groups of working people who join to talk to employers about wages and conditions of work instead of workers talking to employers on an individual basis.1 Because they speak for everybody, unions can get a better deal for each worker than one employee could by negotiating with the employer. As seen in the short movie WHY UNIONS?, non-unionized workers talks about the unfair treatment they experience in the work place. Through collective action, workers formed unions so they could have a voice in deciding wages, hours, working conditions and dealing with the many problems arises in the workplace. Unions are not just organizations trying to get more dollars and cents or better working conditions for people who hold union cards. People who dont enjoy the benefits of union protection get benefits too. The labour movement was in the forefront of the struggles for public health care, for public education, for minimum wages, holidays and employment conditions. We will write a custom essay on WHY UNIONS? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2 1 D. Martin, Form War To Peace, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1991, P.17 2 Notes On Unions, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1992, P.1 P. 2 UNION NOWADAYS Unions are like businesses: their success depends upon attracting and retaining buyers (new members). Recently, one of the major problems faced by the union movement is that few Canadians understand what services unions come into public.3 The public also dont know the union is also helping Canada in other parts of areas such as economy, etc. The public think that the only time unions come into the publics eye is as a result of strike or withdrawal of services. This is because of the impressed strikes held by the union workers. The memorable one would be the strike held by the Toronto Transit Commission workers back in September 1991. The lack of transportation resulted in inconveniences among the public. The Canadian public becomes upset over conflict. The strikes make the public forget about the contributions of unions in other areas. From a marketing perspective, the union movement has positioned itself like the nuclear industry it receives attention only when it is about to blow up, melt or leak.4 Five important needs for union movements are: 3 Alistair Davidson and Ian Mckinnon, Unions need to study marketing, The Globe and Mail, May 8 1984, Business section, P.8 4 D. D. Carter, Canadian Industrial Relations In The Year 2000, Industrial Relations Centre, Kingston, 1992, P.50 P.3 1) job preservation 2) health preservation in the workplace 3) day-care 4) retraining 5) financial negotiations on behalf of members Union leaders and members must become as sophisticated as management to support the attempt by Canadian business to survive fierce international competition. 5 There are about four million members of Canadian unions and 10.5 million members of co-operatives. There are two choices: traditionally, unions have only tried to increase their members standard of living by negotiating a higher wage, more benefits or fewer hours. The union movement has played an important role in the past in the formation of new institutions such as credit unions. Today, new demands on the union movement will force it to examine its strategic choices.6 Above all, the union movement must structure itself to aid the survival of Canadian industry and Canadian jobs in a fiercely competitive world market. 5 Bryan D. Palmer, Solidarity: The Rise And Fall Of An Opposition In B. C., New Star Books, 1987, P.63 6 Peter Sinclair, Unemployment: Economic Theory And Evidence, Oxford Press, 1987, P.215 P. 4 CANADIAN LABOUR CONGRESS At the national level, the organization of unions is the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC). The CLC is the central body in Canada and is composed of about 85 national and international unions representing about 2.2 million workers. LABOURS SOCIAL OBJECTIVES The social objectives of the Canadian labour movement are a reflection of the aims and desires of a large segment of the countrys working population. 7 In some ways, the objectives are related to the economy. The objectives are: Health Programmes the lack of available health care to all Canadians caused the labour movement to redouble its long-standing efforts to have a national medicare plan by which needed medical services would be available to all Canadians whatever their financial means. Medicare as a system of universal health care must be regarded as a public service and not merely as an insurance programme under which only a limited number of services are available. 7 Notes On Unions, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1992, P. 5 P.5 Pensions Unions have been consistently negotiated improvements in pension plans. By statistics, only 41.4% of employed Canadians (50. 1% of men and 33.7% of women) belong to company pension plans. The CLC is convinced that an upgraded universal plan would eliminate any fear and want from old age. Poverty and Regional Disparities The CLC has continually drawn attention to the unjust disparities existing among various sections of Canadian society and among different regions. Human Rights The Canadian Labour Congress has devoted considerable effort to combatting discrimination and protecting basic human rights. Education A basic human right, education must be available to all Canadians. The responsibility to present a well-rounded picture of all participating partners in the Canadian mosaic is a basic principle of an education system. Housing The CLC suggests that the housing be regarded by governments as a social need and not as a regulator of economic activity Taxation There CLC suggests that there is a strong feeling among union members that adjustments should be made to distribute more equitably the burden of taxes. .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 , .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .postImageUrl , .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 , .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:hover , .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:visited , .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:active { border:0!important; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:active , .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60 .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0284513552c2e9fae7efcef20dc3ed60:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computers and Society Essay Consumer Services Efforts have been made to have the government undertake an investigation of the disparity between food prices paid to farmers and those charged to consumers. P.6 HOW IT IS RELATED TO THE ECONOMY Unions major objective is to bargain for a better wage. Labour is the basic element of a countrys economy. Without labour, there will not be products which are made in Canada. If the labour are treated unfairly in their workplace, they dont have the spirit to work harder.8 As a result, the quality of Canadian product will be dropped and lose the competition on the international market. Therefore, there should be an agreement between employers and employees. The employer side gets the maximum profit while the employee side still gets a satisfactory wage. However, Canadas labour get higher wage in the world. Therefore, the cost of products are pretty high. Compare to the international market, the price of Canadian products are higher because of higher wages. Maybe its a by-product of the bargaining higher and higher wages. The Canadian products will lose their competitiveness in the market. It is one of the reasons why Canada is experiencing recession right now. Another issue which affects Canadas economy is the free trade agreement between Canada and the United States. Through the process of this agreement, Canadian Labour movement has been trying to reject this proposal. However, the government still passed it. The labour movement is rejecting 8 David Edward, Times Of Trouble, National Library of Canada, Ottawa, 1983, P.30 P. 7 it because they predict that the free trade will destroy the economy of Canada. Moreover, investors are transferring to the U.S. because there is lower cost. Free trade is another big reason for Canadas recession. EDUCATION AND ECONOMY Chart A ( provided at the end of the report), shows that the university tuition fee price index went up 120% for all of Canada in the past ten years. This is the result of the withdrawal of government funding. Individuals must pay the difference. Federal spending in support of education and training fell by 7.6% in 1990-91 over spending in 1989-90. The portion of the federal budget going to education and training has dropped from 7.3% in 1985-86 to 6. 4% in 1990-91.9 The share of federal funds going to provincial and territorial governments for education and training has dropped from 56% in 1984-85 to a low of 41.7% in 1990-91. The budget reflects that Canada is in a tough economic situation. Cutbacks are necessary in order to spend less money. In a sense, the budget is a mirror of the economy. An increase of services or spending indicates a good economic situation. A decrease of services or spending indicates a decline in the economy. One of the solutions 9 Cynthia Wiggins, Death by 1000 cuts: Public services in peril, CLC Today, 1992 February issue, P.5 P.8 to survive during a tough economy is to cut back on educational spending. Some people believe that the government is heading towards the privatization of education. Education is considered to be a basic human right. The necessary educational programmes and funding must be put in place to encourage lifelong learning.10 However, insufficient funding is being spent on education by the federal government. The labour unions keep protesting the retrenchment strategy on education. Knowledge means wealth to the country. If the workers are not well educated, they may produce poor quality goods. As a result, the country will lose its competitiveness in the world market. Similarly, the same theory can be applied to Canada. If the retrenchment strategy continues, the public will cry out against paying taxes for insufficient government services. Labour unions continue to be concerned about the budget provided for education.11 10 Riane Mahon, Canadian Labour In The Battle Of The Eighties, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1983, P.168-169 11 Riane Mahon, Canadian Labour In The Battle Of The Eighties, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1983, P. 171 P.9 INVESTMENTS AND ECONOMY Investments are closely related to a countrys economy. Investment is defined as a property or other possession acquired or invested in for future income or benefit. Unions also establish funds to invest in business. Usually, the local union invests the fund in a business located in the same area. Each union uses the fund to promote the economy if possible. Examples are provided in a newspaper called CLC Today (February 1992 issue). The worker-owned Solidarity Fund in Quebec recorded its best year in 1991. The return on investment was 13.04% for the year ending October 31. The cost of shares sold to workers in 1984 was only $10 per share. But it has increased to $14. .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f , .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .postImageUrl , .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f , .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:hover , .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:visited , .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:active { border:0!important; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:active , .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9aef1c915ba670ed1fbaf1ca1d6076f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Study Intermarket Essay80 per share recently. Most of the shareholders are members of the Quebec Federation of Labour. Fund managers have invested more than $245 million in Quebec in the past seven years. They estimate that 23,000 jobs have been created or saved as a result. Another example is provided by unions in British Columbia. Government, labour and business in B.C. are establishing an investment fund for the provinces working people. The Working Opportunity Fund will be used to invest money in small and medium-sized B.C. businesses to help diversify the provinces resource-based economy. The government is going to contribute $600,000 in start-up money and a $2 million loan guarantee. These examples illustrate the importance of unions in the Canadian economy. P.10 ECONOMIC UNION Canadians have greatly benefited from close economic integration. Canadas economic and political union which allows Canadians to live and grow together in a common land, has generated economic gain for all Canadians. After the post war period, Canada had one of the worlds fastest growing economies. The reason is that the Canadian economy is flexible in adapting to change.12 However, Canada, like other countries, is facing both internal and external economic challenges. By examining chart B (provided at the end of report), it can be seen that there has been a dramatic change in the distribution of world exports in the past 18 years. Overall, exports in many countries areas are decreasing. Much of the decrease has been absorbed by Asia. Asia is the only area that has increased its world exports. This could mean that Asia will be the leading export area in the future. This is one of the external problems Canada is facing. Therefore, economic union is being set up to enhance the economy of Canada. Two key factors are: i) a high degree of economic integration 2) an advanced degree of political integration.13 Economic and political integration go hand in hand 12 James Cronin, Work, Community and Power, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1983, pp 215-217 13 Solomon Barkin, Worker Militancy And Its Consequences, Praeger, New York, 1983, P. 330 P.11 because, to maintain a high level of economic integration, each party of the economic association must be able to modify its policies. Economic union with political integration also provides the structural basis for the sharing of income. The facets of economic union that facilitate the relatively free flow of people, goods, services and capital have had an enormous impact not only on the structure of economic activity in Canada, but also in raising Canadians incomes. Economic union raises productivity and incomes by making available a much larger market for producers in all provinces than the limited market. The size of the market made by economic union is also important for generating Canadas bargaining clout. Canada is the seventh largest industrial economy in the world. Economic union helps to smoothen the impact of economic shocks, such as the grain price shock of 1986 to the benefit of all Canadians. This is accomplished by providing stabilization and insurance benefits to the provinces. The economic union provides insurance benefits in the Canadian regions. With the many industrial structures across provinces, the insurance principle is very important to the Canadian economy. The stability of Canadian economy gives benefits to all Canadians. 14 14 Statement On The Next Federal Budget, Ottawa, 1983, P.12 P.12 CONCLUSION Most people believe that bargaining is best accomplished by unions. However, unions get involved in all kinds of social activities. These activities influence the economy of Canada directly or indirectly. If there were no unions, Canadian workers would not enjoy being among the most highly paid labourers of the world. Without the unions, the privatization of education might become a reality. Other than bargaining for wages, unions also have to be socially responsible. But there is evidence that unions are helping people other than paid members. The prime objectives of the union is to provide better working conditions for workers. P.15 Bibliography 1 Barkin, Soloman, Worker Militancy And Its Consequences, Praeger, New York, 1983 2 Carter, D.D., Canadian Industrial Relations In The Year 2000, Industrial Relations Centre, Kingston, 1992 3 Cronin, James, Work, Community and Power, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1983 4 Davidson, Alistair, and Ian Mckinnon, Unions need to study marketing, The Globe and Mail, May 8 1984, Business section, P.8 5 Edward, David, Times Of Trouble, National Library of Canada, Ottawa, 1983 6 Mahon, Riane, Canadian Labour In The Battle Of The Eighties, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1983 7 Martin, D., Form War To Peace, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec,1991 8 Notes On Unions, Canadian Labour Congress, Quebec, 1992 9 Palmer, Bryan D., Solidarity: The Rise And Fall Of An Opposition In B.C., New Star Books, Vancouver, 1987 10 Sinclair, Peter, Unemployment: Economic Theory And Evidence, Oxford Press, England, 1987 11 Statement On The Next Federal Budget, Ottawa, 1983 12 Wiggins, Cynthia, Death by 1000 cuts: Public services in peril, CLC Today, Ottawa, 1992 February IssueCategory: Social Issues